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@ -73,7 +73,10 @@ equate food energy with calorimetric heating and assume human bodies have the sa
3000kcals &=& 80kg\cdot1 \frac{kcal}{kg\cdot \degC}\cdot\Delta T , \\ 3000kcals &=& 80kg\cdot1 \frac{kcal}{kg\cdot \degC}\cdot\Delta T , \\
\Delta T &\approx& +37.5\degC . \Delta T &\approx& +37.5\degC .
\eea \eea
Students are normally quite surprised at this number. Although wildly unrealistic, $\Delta T \approx +6\degC$ is typically fatal, there is a related phenomena of diet-induced thermogenesis,\cite{meat_sweats} known informally as ``the meat sweats''. Some students connect this calculation to feeling quite hungry after a cold swim in the pool (a similar effect). On a larger scale, discussing what's wrong with this estimate is useful. The main storage mechanism for storing food energy is fat tissue, which the calculation completely ignores. Infants are generally born with little fat, and an infant sleeping through the night often coincides with the baby developing enough fat tissue to store sufficient kcals to make it though a night without waking up ravenously hungry. A related follow-up is that if a person is stranded in the wilderness, they should immediately start walking downstream (ie, towards civilization) as they likely won't be able to harvest an amount of kcals equivalent to what they already have stored on their hips and abdomen.\cite{trout} The contrast of bear hibernation\cite{fat_bear} and songbirds constantly eating through the winter are related connections to investigate. Students are normally quite surprised at this number. Although wildly unrealistic, $\Delta T \approx +6\degC$ is typically fatal, there is a related phenomena of diet-induced thermogenesis,
(Caballero\& Trayhurn, 2003, pp. 5762-7.)
%\cite{meat_sweats}
known informally as ``the meat sweats''. Some students connect this calculation to feeling quite hungry after a cold swim in the pool (a similar effect). On a larger scale, discussing what's wrong with this estimate is useful. The main storage mechanism for storing food energy is fat tissue, which the calculation completely ignores. Infants are generally born with little fat, and an infant sleeping through the night often coincides with the baby developing enough fat tissue to store sufficient kcals to make it though a night without waking up ravenously hungry. A related follow-up is that if a person is stranded in the wilderness, they should immediately start walking downstream (ie, towards civilization) as they likely won't be able to harvest an amount of kcals equivalent to what they already have stored on their hips and abdomen.\cite{trout} The contrast of bear hibernation\cite{fat_bear} and songbirds constantly eating through the winter are related connections to investigate.
\subsection{Biophysical Power} \subsection{Biophysical Power}
A more realistic question to follow up with relates to the average \textit{power} given off by a person over a day. A more realistic question to follow up with relates to the average \textit{power} given off by a person over a day.
@ -162,7 +165,11 @@ A table from a USDA booklet giving 1917 yields for various farm products.
\end{figure} \end{figure}
So, another question using this data. If you want to feed your family of four people potatoes, how much land will you need to cultivate? So, another question using this data. If you want to feed your family of four people potatoes, how much land will you need to cultivate?
Here's an estimate: a family of 4 requires $3000kcal/person$ each day.\cite{calorie_age} If we over-estimate and produce food for the entire year, the family will need about $4.4$ million kcals. Here's an estimate: a family of 4 requires $3000kcal/person$ each day.\footnote{
Is $3000\frac{kcal}{person\cdot day}$ accurate for a family? For soldiers or active athletes it is, but $2000kcal$ is the USDA reference for an ``average adult,'' e.g. the author, in his 40's, and $1000-1200kcal$ for a senior age ($>60$) female. However, weeding the garden all day is physically taxing, mice will probably eat some of the potatoes, and $3000$ is a nice round number, so that's what I'm using.
}
%\cite{calorie_age}
If we over-estimate and produce food for the entire year, the family will need about $4.4$ million kcals.
\be \be
4~people\cdot\frac{3000kcal}{person\cdot day}\cdot\frac{365~days}{year} \approx 4.4 M kcal . 4~people\cdot\frac{3000kcal}{person\cdot day}\cdot\frac{365~days}{year} \approx 4.4 M kcal .
\ee \ee
@ -243,10 +250,14 @@ Average USDA per acre yields for a number of commodity crops over time. This ``
\section{Example: How big could Tenochtitlan have been?} \section{Example: How big could Tenochtitlan have been?}
The questions described thus far have largely been centered within a physics context. The paper closes with two more examples that leverage this food energy picture to make historical claims. The first example relates to the pre-Colombian capital of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan, now known as Mexico City. Tenochtitlan was built on and around a endorheic lake, Texcoco. Crops were grown in shallow parts of the lake via chinampas,\cite{national_geo} floating patches of decaying vegetation and soil. Given the proximity to water and decaying vegetation, these fields were very fertile\cite{HortTech_2019,Chinampas_1964} and some continue to be used in the present day.\cite{google_earth} The questions described thus far have largely been centered within a physics context. The paper closes with two more examples that leverage this food energy picture to make historical claims. The first example relates to the pre-Colombian capital of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan, now known as Mexico City. Tenochtitlan was built on and around a endorheic lake, Texcoco. Crops were grown in shallow parts of the lake via chinampas,\cite{national_geo} floating patches of decaying vegetation and soil. Given the proximity to water and decaying vegetation, these fields were very fertile\cite{HortTech_2019,Chinampas_1964} and some continue to be used in the present day.\footnote{Chinampas are still visible in sattelite imagery. See for example $latitude=19.268$, $longitude=-99.087$.}
%\cite{google_earth}
Estimates of Tenochtitlan's population in 1500CE vary widely, from 40,000\cite{40k} to more than 400,000\cite{400k} inhabitants, comparable in size to Paris at that time. These estimates come from oral and written records and estimates of archaeological building density and land area. While cannibalism was part of Aztec religious ritual and practice,\cite{Aztec_Cannibalism} the staple Calorie sources for the Aztecs were corn and beans. Estimates of Tenochtitlan's population in 1500CE vary widely, from 40,000
%\cite{40k}
(Evans, 2013 p549)
to more than 400,000\cite{400k} inhabitants, comparable in size to Paris at that time. These estimates come from oral and written records and estimates of archaeological building density and land area. While cannibalism was part of Aztec religious ritual and practice,\cite{Aztec_Cannibalism} the staple Calorie sources for the Aztecs were corn and beans.
Few if any Native American cultures made use of draft animals for food or power before the Colombian Exchange. This means that the food that fed Tenochtitlan must have been brought to the city center by foot or canoe. How much land must have been devoted to chinampas to feed the population, or conversely, how many people could be supported by the land within walking or paddling distance from the city center? Few if any Native American cultures made use of draft animals for food or power before the Colombian Exchange. This means that the food that fed Tenochtitlan must have been brought to the city center by foot or canoe. How much land must have been devoted to chinampas to feed the population, or conversely, how many people could be supported by the land within walking or paddling distance from the city center?
@ -348,51 +359,90 @@ Larry Moore,
and Sarah Taber. and Sarah Taber.
%\end{acknowledgments} %\end{acknowledgments}
\begin{thebibliography}{99} \begin{thebibliography}{99}
% following models at
% https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples
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%ALEJANDRA BORUNDA A
%CÉSAR RODRÍGUEZ C
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%Eric Brewe
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7, 020106.
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.7.020106
%https://journals.aps.org/prper/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.7.020106
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%pp. 5762-7.
%ISBN 9780122270550, %ISBN 9780122270550,
%https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/01188-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/01188-3.
%(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227055X011883) %(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227055X011883)
\bibitem{trout} \bibitem{brown_fat_3}
The wilderness river might be full of trout, but if they're $300kcals$ each, you'll have to catch, clean, and smoke $10$ of them to store up a day's food. %https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14715917/
U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service [Internet]. %Barbara Cannon and Jan Nedergaard,
FoodData Central: Fish, trout, rainbow, wild, raw. Cannon B \& Nedergaard J.
[updated 2019 Apr 1, cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 3 screens]. (2004).
Available from: \url{<https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/175154/nutrients>} Adipose tissue: function and physiological significance.
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277--359.
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% Available from: \url{https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/31/ireland-population-surpasses-5m-for-first-time-since-1851}
This is comically illustrated by the National Park Service at
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Available from: \url{<https://www.nps.gov/katm/learn/fat-bear-week-2022.htm>} . (1964).
The Chinampas of Mexico.
%THE CHINAMPAS OF MEXICO
%Author(s): Michael D. Coe
\textit{Scientific American}, 211 (1), 90--9.
%(July 1964).
%Source: Scientific American , Vol. 211, No. 1 (July 1964), pp. 90-99
%Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
%Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24931564
Available online at \url{https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24931564}
\bibitem{brown_fat_1} \bibitem{brown_fat_1}
@ -408,28 +458,59 @@ Brown and beige fat: molecular parts of a thermogenic machine.
%DOI: 10.2337/db15-0318 %DOI: 10.2337/db15-0318
https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-0318 https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-0318
\bibitem{brown_fat_2} \bibitem{organic_corn_yield}
%https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846638/ %This is an old article
%Farnaz Shamsi, Mary Piper, Li-Lun Ho, Tian Lian Huang, Anushka Gupta, Aaron Streets, Matthew D. Lynes, and Yu-Hua Tseng, %1998%
Shamsi F., Piper M., Ho L., Huang T. L., Gupta A., Streets A., Lynes M. D., \& Tseng Y. %Kathleen Delate, Cynthia Cambardella, and Bob Burcham,
(2021). Delate K., Cambardella C., \& Burcham B.
Vascular smooth muscle-derived Trpv1+ progenitors are a source of cold-induced thermogenic adipocytes. (1998).
\textit{Nature Metabolism}, Comparison of Organic and Conventional Corn,
3, 485-95. Soybean, Alfalfa, Oats, And Rye Crops at the Neely Kinyon Long-Term Agroecological Research (LTAR) Site.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00373-z Available from: \url{http://extension.agron.iastate.edu/organicag/researchreports/n-kltar98.pdf}
%doi: 10.1038/s42255-021-00373-z. Epub 2021 Apr 12. PMID: 33846638; PMCID: PMC8076094. %Dr. Kathleen Delate, assistant professor, Depts. of Horticulture \& Agronomy
%Dr. Cynthia Cambardella, soil scientist, USDA National Soil Tilth Lab
%Bob Burcham, farm superintendent, Neely-Kinyon Research and Demonstration Farm
\bibitem{brown_fat_3}
%https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14715917/ \bibitem{Deppe}
%Barbara Cannon and Jan Nedergaard, Deppe C.
Cannon B \& Nedergaard J. The 20 Potato a Day Diet versus the Nearly All Potato Winter.
(2004). [cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 5 screens].
Adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Available from:
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84(1),
277--359. \bibitem{HortTech_2019}
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.2003 Ebel R.
%doi: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2003. PMID: 14715917. (2019).
Chinampas: An Urban Farming Model of the Aztecs and a Potential Solution for Modern Megalopolis.
\textit{HortTechnology},
%Roland Ebel
%Volume/Issue: Volume 30: Issue 1
30(1), 13--19.
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04310-19
\bibitem{40k}
%Susan Toby Evans.
Evans S. T.
(2013).
Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History.
Thames \& Hudson.
%p 549.
\bibitem{little_ice_age}
%Brian Fagan,
Fagan B.
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(Basic Books, 2001).
\bibitem{Haspel}
Haspel T.
(2015 July 12).
In defense of corn, the world’s most important food crop.
\textit{The Washington Post}.
%Tamar Haspel
%2015 July 12 [cited 2023 Jan 16].
Available from \url{https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/in-defense-of-corn-the-worlds-most-important-food-crop/2015/07/12/78d86530-25a8-11e5-b77f-eb13a215f593_story.html}
\bibitem{brown_fat_4} \bibitem{brown_fat_4}
%https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6722594/ %https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6722594/
@ -461,133 +542,35 @@ Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and eva
https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960130809 https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960130809
%doi: 10.1002/clc.4960130809. PMID: 2204507. %doi: 10.1002/clc.4960130809. PMID: 2204507.
\bibitem{energy_bar_charts} \bibitem{Energy_textbook}
Brewe E. %Jack J. Kraushaar, Robert A. Ristinen, and Jeffrey T. Brack,
(2011). Kraushaarv J. J., Ristinen R. A., \& Brack J. T.
Energy as a substancelike quantity that flows: Theoretical considerations (2022).
and pedagogical consequences. \textit{Energy and the Environment} (4th ed.).
%Eric Brewe Wiley.
Physical Review Physics Education Research,
%PHYSICAL REVIEW SPECIAL TOPICS - PHYSICS EDUCATION RESEARCH
7, 020106.
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.7.020106
%https://journals.aps.org/prper/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.7.020106
\bibitem{homesteading}
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Haspel T.
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%Tamar Haspel
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Available from \url{<https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/in-defense-of-corn-the-worlds-most-important-food-crop/2015/07/12/78d86530-25a8-11e5-b77f-eb13a215f593_story.html>}
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Carleen Madigan, %Carleen Madigan,
Madigan C.
(2009).
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%Carleen Madigan %Carleen Madigan
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%Morton O. Cooper and W.J. Spillman %Morton O. Cooper and W.J. Spillman
(Government Printing Office, United States Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office, United States Department of Agriculture.
October 1917)
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2017 Jan 4: [cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 5 screens]. Princeton University Press.
Available from: \url{<https://www.mathscinotes.com/2017/01/calorie-per-acre-improvements-in-staple-crops-over-time/>}
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Is $3000\frac{kcal}{person\cdot day}$ accurate for a family? For soldiers or active athletes it is, but $2000kcal$ is the USDA reference for an ``average adult,'' e.g. the author, in his 40's, and $1000-1200kcal$ for a senior age ($>60$) female. However, weeding the garden all day is physically taxing, mice will probably eat some of the potatoes, and $3000$ is a nice round number, so that's what I'm using.
\bibitem{Deppe}
Carol Deppe.
``The 20 Potato a Day Diet versus the Nearly All Potato Winter'' [Internet].
[cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 5 screens].
Available from:
\url{<https://www.caroldeppe.com/The\%2020\%20Potato\%20a\%20Day\%20Diet.html>}
\bibitem{organic_corn_yield}
%This is an old article
%1998%
%Kathleen Delate, Cynthia Cambardella, and Bob Burcham,
Delate K., Cambardella C., \& Burcham B.
(1998).
Comparison of Organic and Conventional Corn,
Soybean, Alfalfa, Oats, And Rye Crops at the Neely Kinyon Long-Term Agroecological Research (LTAR) Site.
Available from: \url{<http://extension.agron.iastate.edu/organicag/researchreports/n-kltar98.pdf>}
%Dr. Kathleen Delate, assistant professor, Depts. of Horticulture \& Agronomy
%Dr. Cynthia Cambardella, soil scientist, USDA National Soil Tilth Lab
%Bob Burcham, farm superintendent, Neely-Kinyon Research and Demonstration Farm
\bibitem{national_geo}
Alejandra A. Borunda A, Cesar C Rodriguez,
``In Mexico City, the pandemic revived Aztec-era island farms,''
National Geographic,''
(Jun 30 2022).
Available from \url{https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/in-mexico-city-the-pandemic-revived-aztec-era-island-farms}
%ALEJANDRA BORUNDA A
%CÉSAR RODRÍGUEZ C
\bibitem{HortTech_2019}
Roland Ebel R.
(2019).
Chinampas: An Urban Farming Model of the Aztecs and a Potential Solution for Modern Megalopolis.
HortTechnology.
%Roland Ebel
%Volume/Issue: Volume 30: Issue 1
30(1), 13--19.
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04310-19
\bibitem{Chinampas_1964}
Coe M. D.
(1964).
The Chinampas of Mexico.
%THE CHINAMPAS OF MEXICO
%Author(s): Michael D. Coe
\textit{Scientific American}, 211 (1), 90--9.
%(July 1964).
%Source: Scientific American , Vol. 211, No. 1 (July 1964), pp. 90-99
%Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
%Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24931564
Available online at \url{https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24931564}
\bibitem{google_earth}
Chinampas are still visible in sattelite imagery. See for example $latitude=19.268$, $longitude=-99.087$.
\bibitem{40k}
%Susan Toby Evans.
Susan T. Evans,
\textit{Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History}
(Thames \& Hudson, 2013), p 549.
\bibitem{400k}
Britannica [Internet].
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[updated 2022 Dec 23; cited 16 January 2023]; [about 1 screen].
Available from: \url{https://www.britannica.com/place/Tenochtitlan}
\bibitem{Aztec_Cannibalism} \bibitem{Aztec_Cannibalism}
Ortiz de Montellano B. R. Ortiz de Montellano B. R.
@ -599,75 +582,127 @@ Aztec Cannibalism: An Ecological Necessity?
%American Association for the Advancement of Science %American Association for the Advancement of Science
Available online at \url{https://www.jstor.org/stable/1746929}. Available online at \url{https://www.jstor.org/stable/1746929}.
\bibitem{chinampas_wikipedia}
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File:Lake Texcoco c 1519.png;
[updated 2016 Aug 17; cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 1 screen].
Available from: \url{<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lake\_Texcoco\_c\_1519.png>}
%Self-published work by Wikipedia user Madman2001
\bibitem{imageJ}
ImageJ is a free tool for measurement of photographic data,
available at \url{<https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/>}.
%
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Nature Methods.
\textbf{9} (7), 671-5
(2012).
%doi:10.1038/nmeth.2089
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Redcliffe N. Salaman and J. G. Hawkes, %Redcliffe N. Salaman and J. G. Hawkes,
Salaman R. N. \& Hawkes J. G.
(1985)
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(Cambridge University Press, 1985). (Cambridge University Press, 1985).
\bibitem{little_ice_age} \bibitem{imageJ}
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(2012)
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9(7), 671-5.
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ImageJ is a free tool for measurement of photographic data
\url{https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/}
%doi:10.1038/nmeth.2089
\bibitem{brown_fat_2}
%https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846638/
%Farnaz Shamsi, Mary Piper, Li-Lun Ho, Tian Lian Huang, Anushka Gupta, Aaron Streets, Matthew D. Lynes, and Yu-Hua Tseng,
Shamsi F., Piper M., Ho L., Huang T. L., Gupta A., Streets A., Lynes M. D., \& Tseng Y.
(2021).
Vascular smooth muscle-derived Trpv1+ progenitors are a source of cold-induced thermogenic adipocytes.
\textit{Nature Metabolism},
3, 485-95.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00373-z
%doi: 10.1038/s42255-021-00373-z. Epub 2021 Apr 12. PMID: 33846638; PMCID: PMC8076094.
\bibitem{energetic_cost_of_moving}
%See the family groupings in figure 2 of
Tucker V. A.
(1975).
The Energetic Cost of Moving About.
\textit{American Scientist},
63, 413--9.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1137237/
\bibitem{trout}
U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service [Internet].
FoodData Central: Fish, trout, rainbow, wild, raw.
[updated 2019 Apr 1, cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 3 screens].
Available from: \url{https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/175154/nutrients}
The wilderness river might be full of trout, but if they're $300kcals$ each, you'll have to catch, clean, and smoke $10$ of them to store up a day's food.
\bibitem{fat_bear}
North American Bear Center [Internet].
Ely, MN, USA 2023.
5 Stages of Activity and Hibernation.
[cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 2 screens].
Available from: \url{https://bear.org/5-stages-of-activity-and-hibernation/}.
%
Some sources claim that bear metabolism can vary between $4,000$ to $20,000$ kcals per day,
This is comically illustrated by the National Park Service at
National Park Service, Katmai National Park and Preserve Alaska [Internet].
Fat Bear Week 2022.
[updated 2022 Oct 11, cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 5 screens].
Available from: \url{https://www.nps.gov/katm/learn/fat-bear-week-2022.htm} .
\bibitem{homesteading}
See for example, the Discover television show, ``Alaska the Last Frontier,'' any issue of ``Mother Earth News,'' or Backyard Chicken feeds on Instagram.
%\bibitem{calorie_age}
%Is $3000\frac{kcal}{person\cdot day}$ accurate for a family? For soldiers or active athletes it is, but $2000kcal$ is the USDA reference for an ``average adult,'' e.g. the author, in his 40's, and $1000-1200kcal$ for a senior age ($>60$) female. However, weeding the garden all day is physically taxing, mice will probably eat some of the potatoes, and $3000$ is a nice round number, so that's what I'm using.
\bibitem{google_earth}
Chinampas are still visible in sattelite imagery. See for example $latitude=19.268$, $longitude=-99.087$.
\bibitem{400k}
Britannica [Internet].
\textit{Tenochtitlán},
[updated 2022 Dec 23; cited 16 January 2023]; [about 1 screen].
Available from: \url{https://www.britannica.com/place/Tenochtitlan}
\bibitem{chinampas_wikipedia}
Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository [Internet].
File:Lake Texcoco c 1519.png;
[updated 2016 Aug 17; cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 1 screen].
Available from: \url{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lake\_Texcoco\_c\_1519.png}
%Self-published work by Wikipedia user Madman2001
\bibitem{IRE_area} \bibitem{IRE_area}
Currently, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are separate countries. Together, their land area is about $84,400km^2$. Currently, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are separate countries. Together, their land area is about $84,400km^2$.
\bibitem{Ireland_5M}
R. Carroll,
``Ireland’s population passes 5m for first time since C19th famine,''
The Guardian [Internet]
(Aug 31 2021).
%Tue 31 Aug 2021 10.19 EDT
%© 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies.
Available from: \url{<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/31/ireland-population-surpasses-5m-for-first-time-since-1851>}
\bibitem{pop_image} \bibitem{pop_image}
Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository [Internet]. Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository [Internet].
File:Population of the island of Ireland since 1600.png; File:Population of the island of Ireland since 1600.png;
[updated 2010 Jan 13; cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 1 screen]. [updated 2010 Jan 13; cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 1 screen].
Available from: \url{<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Population\_of\_Ireland\_since\_1600.png>} Available from: \url{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Population\_of\_Ireland\_since\_1600.png}
\bibitem{pop_sources} \bibitem{pop_sources}
Specific census data sources for the Ireland population plot are given at the ``talk'' page of \cite{pop_image}, specifically Specific census data sources for the Ireland population plot are given at the ``talk'' page of \cite{pop_image}, specifically
\url{<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File\_talk:Population\_of\_Ireland\_since\_1600.png>} \url{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File\_talk:Population\_of\_Ireland\_since\_1600.png}
\bibitem{arable_percentage} \bibitem{arable_percentage}
The web suggests that $64\%$ of the land area in Ireland is currently suitable for agriculture. Urbanization over the last 150 years has probably decreased this percentage. The web suggests that $64\%$ of the land area in Ireland is currently suitable for agriculture. Urbanization over the last 150 years has probably decreased this percentage.
Ask about Ireland [Internet]. Ask about Ireland [Internet].
Land Use in Ireland; [cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 2 screens]. Land Use in Ireland; [cited 2023 Jan 16]; [about 2 screens].
Available from: \url{<https://www.askaboutireland.ie/enfo/sustainable-living/farming-in-ireland-overvi/land-use-in-ireland/>} Available from: \url{https://www.askaboutireland.ie/enfo/sustainable-living/farming-in-ireland-overvi/land-use-in-ireland/}
\bibitem{USDA_NASS} \bibitem{USDA_NASS}
United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service [Internet]. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service [Internet].
Statistics by Subject; Statistics by Subject;
[updated 2020 Oct 13; cited 2023 Jan 18]; [about 1 screen]. [updated 2020 Oct 13; cited 2023 Jan 18]; [about 1 screen].
Available from: \url{<https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_Subject/index.php?sector=CROPS>}. Available from: \url{https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_Subject/index.php?sector=CROPS}.
\bibitem{USDA_FDC} \bibitem{USDA_FDC}
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service [Internet]. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service [Internet].
FoodData Central; FoodData Central;
[cited 2023 Jan 18]; [about 1 screen]. [cited 2023 Jan 18]; [about 1 screen].
Available from: \url{<https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html>}. Available from: \url{https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html}.
\end{thebibliography} \end{thebibliography}